# Axis variables

HARP does not impose a fixed link between dimensions and its axis variables. A product can contain multiple variables that can function as an axis variable for a dimension. For instance, for the vertical dimension, a product can contain both a pressure and an altitude variable where either can function as an axis variable. The same applies for e.g. wavelength and wavenumber for the spectral axis.

In order for a variable to function as an axis variable it should have either strict ascending or strict descending values.

## Intervals

HARP has strict rules when it comes to dealing with the specification of an applicable interval along a dimension.

Especially for the vertical dimension there is often some degree of confusion about the concept of layers vs. levels and whether levels are the centers of layers or the edges of layers.

Values in HARP are always provided at the center of an interval. In HARP, levels are always the center point of layers and values are always provided at levels (never at layer edges). If you have data that is provided at the edges of layers then you will have to redefine the layer grid when bringing the data into HARP such that edges become centers (and centers become edges).

When using intervals, the axis variables should always indicate the center of these intervals. A separate <axis_variable>_bounds variable can be used to define the edges of the intervals. This bounds variable has one extra dimension, which is an independent dimension of length 2. This independent dimension should contain the edge values of the interval. The ordering of these values needs to be exactly the same as the ordering of the axis itself (i.e. if the values of the axis are ascending, then the values defining the interval edges should also be ascending).

Intervals are usually connected. So, if for instance we have an altitude grid of center points latitude = [5, 10, 15, 20] then the corresponding intervals could be latitude_bounds = [[2.5, 7.5], [7.5, 12.5], [12.5, 17.5], [17.5, 22.5]].

There are two special cases for intervals, which are described below.

### Time intervals

One special case is the time dimension. In addition to a datetime_bounds variable, HARP supports separate datetime_start and datetime_stop variables to define the edges of a time interval. Be aware that in HARP the datetime variable always needs to represent the center of a time interval.

If you provide two out of datetime, datetime_start, datetime_stop, datetime_length then you can use the HARP derivation operations to automatically have the other two variables calculated. In addition any of these two can be converted into a datetime_bounds variable and vice-versa.

### Spatial extent

The other special case is the spatial dimensions.

When data is gridded spatially using a latitude and longitude dimension then the normal rules apply and you would have a latitude_bounds {latitude,2} and longitude_bounds {longitude,2} to define the edges of the grid cells.

However, when latitude and longitude are not explicit dimensions, which is the case when e.g. you have a time series of areas, then latitude_bounds and longitude_bounds can still be used, but with a different convention.

• if the independent dimension in latitude_bounds {time,independent} and longitude_bounds {time,independent} has a length of 2 then the two values define the corner of a bounding rectangle of a spatial area.

• if the independent dimension has length 3 or higher, then the points define the vertices of a polygon that defines the spatial area.

A bounding rectangle can always be represented by a 4 point polygon with the exact same meaning. For instance, latitude_bounds = [[3.3, 7.1]] and longitude_bounds = [[50.8, 53.6]] as a bounding rectangle definition is the same as latitude_bounds = [[3.3, 3.3, 7.1, 7.1]] and longitude_bounds = [[50.8, 53.6, 53.6, 50.8]] in terms of a polygon definition (mind the counter clockwise ordering of the polygon points).